These values summarize most of the laboratory values needed for investigations
|
|
Reference range |
|
|
|
| Analysis |
SI units |
Non-SI units |
|
|
|
| Bleeding time (Ivy) |
< 8 mins |
- |
|
|
|
| Blood volume |
|
|
|
| Male |
75 ± 10 mL/kg |
- |
|
|
|
| Female |
70 ± 10 mL/kg |
- |
|
|
|
| Coagulation screen |
|
|
|
| Prothrombin time |
10.5-13.5 secs |
- |
|
|
|
| Activated partial thromboplastin time |
26-36 secs |
- |
|
|
|
| D-dimers |
|
|
|
| To detect disseminated intravascular coagulation |
< 200 μg/L |
< 200 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| To detect venous thromboembolism |
< 500 μg/L |
< 500 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
Higher values in older patients are not necessarily abnormal |
|
|
|
| Adult male |
0-10 mm/hr |
- |
|
|
|
| Adult female |
3-15 mm/hr |
- |
|
|
|
| Ferritin |
|
|
|
| Male |
20-300 μg/L |
20-300 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Female |
14-150 μg/L |
14-150 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Fibrinogen |
1.5-4.0 g/L |
0.15-0.4 g/dL |
|
|
|
| Folate |
|
|
|
| Serum |
5.0-20 μg/L |
5.0-20 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Red cell |
257-800 μg/L |
257-800 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Haemoglobin |
|
|
|
| Male |
130-180 g/L |
13-18 g/dL |
|
|
|
| Female |
115-165 g/L |
11.5-16.5 g/dL |
|
|
|
| Haptoglobin |
0.4-2.4 g/L |
0.04-0.24 g/dL |
|
|
|
| Iron |
10-32 μmol/L |
56-178 μg/dL |
|
|
|
| Leucocytes (adults) |
4.0-11.0 × 109/L |
4.0-11.0 × 103/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Differential white cell count |
|
|
|
| Neutrophil granulocytes |
2.0-7.5 × 109/L |
2.0-7.5 × 103/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Lymphocytes |
1.5-4.0 × 109/L |
1.5-4.0 × 103/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Monocytes |
0.2-0.8 × 109/L |
0.2-0.8 × 103/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Eosinophil granulocytes |
0.04-0.4 × 109/L |
0.04-0.4 × 103/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Basophil granulocytes |
0.01-0.1 × 109/L |
0.01-0.1 × 103/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) |
27-32 pg |
- |
|
|
|
| Mean cell volume (MCV) |
78-98 fl |
- |
|
|
|
| Packed cell volume (PCV) or haematocrit |
|
|
|
| Male |
0.40-0.54 |
- |
|
|
|
| Female |
0.37-0.47 |
- |
|
|
|
| Platelets |
150-350 × 109/L |
150-350 × 103/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Red cell count |
|
|
|
| Male |
4.5-6.5 × 1012/L |
4.5-6.5 × 106/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Female |
3.8-5.8 × 1012/L |
3.8-5.8 × 106/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Red cell lifespan |
|
|
|
| Mean |
120 days |
- |
|
|
|
| Half-life (51Cr) |
25-35 days |
- |
|
|
|
| Reticulocytes (adults) |
25-85 × 109/L |
25-85 × 103/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Transferrin |
2.0-4.0 g/L |
0.2-0.4 g/dL |
|
|
|
| Transferrin saturation |
|
|
|
| Male |
25-56% |
- |
|
|
|
| Female |
14-51% |
- |
|
|
|
| Vitamin B12 |
251-900 ng/L |
- |
| Cerebrospinal fluid analysis |
|
|
Reference range |
|
|
|
| Analysis |
SI units |
Non-SI units |
|
|
|
| Cells |
< 5 × 106 cells/L (all mononuclear) |
< 5 cells/mm3 |
|
|
|
| Glucose1 |
2.3-4.5 mmol/L |
41-81 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| IgG index2 |
< 0.65 |
- |
|
|
|
| Total protein |
140-450 mg/L |
0.014-0.045 g/dL |
|
|
|
1Interpret in relation to plasma glucose. Values in CSF typically approximately two-thirds plasma levels.
2A crude index of increase in IgG attributable to intrathecal synthesis. |
|
|
Reference range |
|
|
|
| Analyte |
SI units |
Non-SI units |
|
|
|
| Albumin |
Proteinuria is defined below |
|
|
|
| Calcium (normal diet) |
Up to 7.5 mmol/24 hrs |
Up to 15 meq/24 hrs or 3-300 mg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Copper |
< 0.6 μmol/24 hrs |
< 38 μg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Cortisol |
|
|
|
| Overnight (early morning sample) |
< 20 nmol cortisol/mmol creatinine |
< 67 μg cortisol/g creatinine |
|
|
|
| 24-hr collection |
25-250 nmol/24 hrs |
9.1-91 μg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Creatinine |
10-20 mmol/24 hrs |
1130-2260 mg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) |
10-42 μmol/24 hrs |
1.9-8.1 mg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Metadrenalines |
|
|
|
| Normetadrenaline |
0.4-3.4 μmol/24 hrs |
73-620 μg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Metadrenaline |
0.3-1.7 μmol/24 hrs |
59-335 μg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Oxalate |
0.04-0.49 mmol/24 hrs |
3.6-44 mg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Phosphate |
15-50 mmol/24 hrs |
465-1548 mg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Potassium* |
25-100 mmol/24 hrs |
25-100 meq/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Protein |
< 0.3 g/L |
< 0.03 g/dL |
|
|
|
| Sodium* |
100-200 mmol/24 hrs |
100-200 meq/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Urate |
1.2-3.0 mmol/24 hrs |
202-504 mg/24 hrs |
|
|
|
| Urea |
170-600 mmol/24 hrs |
10.2-36.0 g/24 hrs |
| Other common analytes in venous blood in adults |
|
|
Reference range |
|
|
|
| Analyte |
SI units |
Non-SI units |
|
|
|
| α1-antitrypsin |
1.1-2.1 g/L |
110-210 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) |
10-50 U/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Albumin |
35-50 g/L |
3.5-5.0 g/dL |
|
|
|
| Alkaline phosphatase |
40-125 U/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Amylase |
< 100 U/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) |
10-45 U/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Bilirubin (total) |
3-16 μmol/L |
0.18-0.94 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Calcium (total) |
2.1-2.6 mmol/L |
4.2-5.2 meq/L or 8.50-10.50 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Carboxy-haemoglobin |
0.1-3.0% |
- |
|
|
|
| Caeruloplasmin |
0.2-0.6 g/L |
20-60 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Cholesterol (total) |
Ideal level varies according to cardiovascular risk so reference ranges can be misleading. The following values were described by the European Atherosclerosis Society: |
|
|
|
|
Mild increase |
|
|
|
|
|
5.2-6.5 mmol/L |
200-250 mg/dL |
|
|
|
|
Moderate increase |
|
|
|
|
|
6.5-7.8 mmol/L |
250-300 mg/dL |
|
|
|
|
Severe increase |
|
|
|
|
|
> 7.8 mmol/L |
> 300 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| HDL-cholesterol |
Ideal level varies according to cardiovascular risk so reference ranges can be misleading. According to the National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII), a low HDL-cholesterol is: |
|
|
|
|
< 1.0 mmol/L |
< 40 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Complement |
|
|
|
| C3 |
0.73-1.4 g/L |
- |
|
|
|
| C4 |
0.12-0.3 g/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Total haemolytic complement |
0.086-0.410 g/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Copper |
13-24 μmol/L |
83-153 μg/dL |
|
|
|
| C-reactive protein |
< 5 mg/L
Highly sensitive CRP assays also exist which measure lower values and may be useful in estimating cardiovascular risk |
|
|
|
| Creatine kinase (total) |
|
|
|
|
| Male |
55-170 U/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Female |
30-135 U/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme |
< 6% of total CK |
- |
|
|
|
| Ethanol |
Not normally detectable |
|
|
|
|
|
Marked intoxication |
|
|
|
|
|
65-87 mmol/L |
300-400 mg/dL |
|
|
|
|
Stupor |
|
|
|
|
|
87-109 mmol/L |
400-500 mg/dL |
|
|
|
|
Coma |
|
|
|
|
|
> 109 mmol/L |
> 500 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) |
Male 10-55 U/L
Female 5-35 U/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Glucose (fasting) |
3.6-5.8 mmol/L |
65-104 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) |
4.0-6.0%
20-42 mmol/mol Hb |
- |
|
|
|
| Immunoglobulins (Ig) |
|
|
|
| IgA |
0.8-4.5 g/L |
- |
|
|
|
| IgE |
0-250 kU/L |
- |
|
|
|
| IgG |
6.0-15.0 g/L |
- |
|
|
|
| IgM |
0.35-2.90 g/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Lactate |
0.6-2.4 mmol/L |
5.40-21.6 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Lactate dehydrogenase (total) |
208-460 U/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Lead |
< 1.0 μmol/L |
< 21 μg/dL |
|
|
|
| Magnesium |
0.75-1.0 mmol/L |
1.5-2.0 meq/L or 1.82-2.43 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Osmolality |
280-296 mmol/kg |
- |
|
|
|
| Osmolarity |
280-296 mosm/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Phosphate (fasting) |
0.8-1.4 mmol/L |
2.48-4.34 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Protein (total) |
60-80 g/L |
6-8 g/dL |
|
|
|
| Triglycerides (fasting) |
0.6-1.7 mmol/L |
53-150 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Troponins |
Values consistent with ‘myocyte necrosis’ or myocardial infarction are crucially dependent upon which troponin is measured (I or T) and on the method employed |
|
|
|
| Tryptase |
0-135 mg/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Urate |
|
|
|
| Male |
0.12-0.42 mmol/L |
2.0-7.0 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Female |
0.12-0.36 mmol/L |
2.0-6.0 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Vitamin D |
|
|
|
| 25(OH)D |
25-170 nmol/L |
10-68 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| 1,25(OH)2D |
20-120 pmol/L |
7.7-46 pg/mL |
|
|
|
| Zinc |
11-22 μmol/L |
72-144 μg/dL |
|
|
Reference range |
|
|
|
| Hormone |
SI units |
Non-SI units |
|
|
|
| Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (plasma) |
1.5-11.2 pmol/L (0700-1000 hrs) |
7-51 pg/mL |
|
|
|
| Aldosterone |
|
|
|
| Supine |
30-440 pmol/L |
1.09-15.9 ng/dL |
|
|
|
| Erect |
110-860 pmol/L |
3.97-31.0 ng/dL |
|
|
|
| Cortisol |
Dynamic tests are required |
|
|
|
|
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
|
|
| Male |
1.0-10.0 U/L |
0.2-2.2 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Female |
3.0-9.0 U/L (early follicular, luteal) |
0.7-2.0 ng/mL |
|
|
|
|
< 30 U/L (mid-cycle) |
< 6.7 ng/mL |
|
|
|
|
> 30 U/L (post-menopausal) |
> 6.7 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Gastrin (plasma, fasting) |
< 57 pmol/L |
< 120 pg/mL |
|
|
|
| Growth hormone (GH) |
< 0.5 μg/L excludes acromegaly (if IGF1 in reference range) |
- |
|
|
|
|
> 6 μg/L excludes GH deficiency |
|
|
|
|
|
Dynamic tests are usually required |
|
|
|
|
| Insulin |
Highly variable and interpretable only in relation to plasma glucose and body habitus |
- |
|
|
|
| Luteinising hormone (LH) |
|
|
|
| Male |
1.0-9.0 U/L |
0.11-1.0 μg/L |
|
|
|
| Female |
2.5-9.0 U/L (early follicular, luteal) |
0.3-1.0 μg/L |
|
|
|
|
Up to 90 U/L (mid-cycle) |
Up to 10 μg/L |
|
|
|
|
> 20 U/L (post-menopausal) |
> 2.2 μg/L |
|
|
|
| 17β-Oestradiol |
|
|
|
| Male |
< 160 pmol/L |
< 43 pg/mL |
|
|
|
| Female |
110-180 pmol/L (early follicular) |
30-49 pg/mL |
|
|
|
|
550-2095 pmol/L (mid-cycle) |
150-570 pg/mL |
|
|
|
|
370-770 pmol/L (luteal) |
101-209 pg/mL |
|
|
|
|
< 150 pmol/L (post-menopausal) |
< 41 pg/mL |
|
|
|
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
1.0-6.5 pmol/L |
10-65 pg/mL |
|
|
|
| Progesterone |
|
|
|
| Male |
< 2.0 nmol/L |
< 0.63 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Female |
< 2.0 nmol/L (follicular) |
< 0.63 ng/mL |
|
|
|
|
> 15 nmol/L (mid-luteal) |
> 4.7 ng/mL |
|
|
|
|
< 2.0 nmol/L (post-menopausal) |
< 0.63 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Prolactin (PRL) |
60-500 mU/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Renin activity |
|
|
|
| Erect |
1.0-4.2 ng/mL/hr |
- |
|
|
|
| Supine |
0.5-2.6 ng/mL/hr |
- |
|
|
|
| Testosterone |
|
|
|
| Male |
10-30 nmol/L |
2.88-8.64 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Female |
0.4-3.0 nmol/L |
0.12-0.87 ng/mL |
|
|
|
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
0.2-4.5 mU/L |
- |
|
|
|
| Thyroxine (free) (free T4) |
9-21 pmol/L |
700-1632 pg/dL |
|
|
|
| Triiodothyronine (T3) |
0.9-2.4 nmol/L |
59-156 ng/dL |
|
|
|
Notes
- A number of hormones are unstable and collection details are critical to obtaining a meaningful result. Refer to local laboratory handbook.
- Values in the table are only a guideline; hormone levels can often only be meaningfully understood in relation to factors such as sex (e.g. testosterone), age (e.g. FSH in women), time of day (e.g. cortisol) or regulatory factors (e.g. insulin and glucose, PTH and [Ca2+]).
- Reference ranges may be critically method-dependent.
|
Urea and electrolytes in venous blood
|
|
Reference range |
|
|
|
| Analysis |
SI units |
Non-SI units |
|
|
|
| Sodium |
135-145 mmol/L |
135-145 meq/L |
|
|
|
| Potassium (plasma) |
3.3-4.7 mmol/L |
3.3-4.7 meq/L |
|
|
|
| Potassium (serum) |
3.6-5.1 mmol/L |
3.6-5.1 meq/L |
|
|
|
| Chloride |
95-107 mmol/L |
95-107 meq/L |
|
|
|
| Urea |
2.5-6.6 mmol/L |
15-40 mg/dL |
|
|
|
| Creatinine |
60-120 μmol/L |
0.68-1.36 mg/dL |
|
|
|
|
|
Reference range |
|
|
|
| Analysis |
SI units |
Non-SI units |
|
|
|
| Bicarbonate |
21-29 mmol/L |
21-29 meq/L |
|
|
|
| Hydrogen ion |
37-45 nmol/L |
pH 7.35-7.43 |
|
|
|
| Pa CO2 |
4.5-6.0 kPa |
34-45 mmHg |
|
|
|
| Pa O2 |
12-15 kPa |
90-113 mmHg |
|
|
|
| Oxygen saturation |
> 97% |
|
Tags:
Cortisol,
kinase,
IgG,
creatinine,
haptoglobin,
range <BR/>
